Effects of diisononyl phthalate on lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells / 环境与职业医学

Background Exposure to diisononyl phthalate (DINP), an endocrine disruptor associated with metabolic diseases and widely used in plastic products, has been linked to the development of several adverse health outcomes in the liver, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objective To investigate the effects and the possible molecular mechanisms of DINP exposure on lipid metabolism in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2 cells). Methods First, HepG2 cells were treated with DINP at three time spots (24, 48, and 72 h) and eleven doses (0, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 mmol·L−1). Cell viability were detected using cell counting kit 8 (CCK8). Intracellular lipid deposition was determined by oil red O staining and lipid content detection, and triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (TC) were further detected. Finally, the mRNA expression levels were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR, including fatty acid synthesis related genes [acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (Accα), fatty acid synthase (Fasn), malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (Mlycd), and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (Srebp1)] and β-oxidation related genes [peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (Pparα), AMP-activated protein kinase (Ampk), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (Cpt-1a), transcription factor A, mitochondrial (Tfam), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and coactivator 1 alpha (Pgc1-α)]. Results Compared with the control group (0 mmol·L−1), the no observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) of HepG2 cell viability were 0.3, 0.1, and 0.1 mmol·L−1 after 24, 48, and 72 h exposure to DINP, respectively, and the corresponding lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAEL) were 1, 0.3, and 0.3 mmol·L−1, respectively (P<0.05). After exposure to 30 mmol·L−1 and 100 mmol·L−1 DINP for 24 h, the intracellular lipid content, lipid deposition, TG, and TC levels were increased significantly compared with the control group (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the mRNA expression levels of genes related to fatty acid synthesis, such as Mlycd, Srebp1, Fasn, and Accα, were down-regulated after the 100 mmol·L−1 DINP exposure for 24 h, while the mRNA expression level of Mlycd was up-regulated in the 30 mmol·L−1 group. The β-oxidation related genes such as Ampk, Pparα, and Tfam were up-regulated significantly after the 100 mmol·L−1 DINP exposure, while Cpt-1a mRNA expression level was down-regulated (P<0.05). Conclusion Exposure to DINP at 30 mmol·L−1 and 100 mmol·L−1 can interfere with fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation in lipid metabolism of HepG2 cells, resulting in lipid deposition.

Effects of long-term noise exposure during sleep on liver circadian clock and lipid metabolism / 环境与职业医学

Background Long-term exposure to noise during sleep may has adverse effects on metabolic system, and liver lipid metabolism is closely related to circadian clock genes. Objective To investigate the effects of long-term noise exposure during sleep on liver circadian clock and lipid metabolism in mice and its related mechanism. Methods Twenty C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into two groups: a noise exposure group and a control group with 10 mice in each group. The mice in the noise exposure group were exposed to white noise at 90 dB sound pressure level (SPL) for 30 consecutive days, 8 h a day, from 9:00 to 17:00. The mice in the control group were exposed to background noise ≤40 dB SPL. After noise exposure, the animals were neutralized at 14:00 (ZT6) and 2:00 (ZT18), 5 animals at each time spot, and the liver tissues were collected. Total cholesterol and triglyceride in liver were determined by cholesterol oxidase method and glycerol phosphate oxidase method respectively. The expressions of circadian clock genes (Clock, Bmal1, Rev-erbα, and Rev-erbβ) and lipid metabolism genes (Srebp1c, Hmgcr, Fasn, Lxrα, Acc1, and Chrebp) in liver were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Results Compared with the control group, the content of total cholesterol in liver in the noise exposure group increased by 48% (P<0.05) and the content of liver triglyceride increased by 61% (P<0.05) at ZT18. The mRNA expression levels of circadian clock genes Clock and Bmal1 in the noise exposure group was significantly increased at ZT18 and decreased at ZT6 (P<0.05). The mRNA expression level of Rev-erbα decreased at both ZT6 and ZT18 (P<0.05). The mRNA expression level of Rev-erbβ had no significant change at ZT6 and ZT18. The mRNA expression levels of liver lipid metabolism related genes Srebp1c, Hmgcr, Chrebp, and Lxrα in the noise exposure group were higher than those in the control group at ZT18 (P<0.05). The mRNA expression levels of Acc1 and Fasn showed no significant change at ZT6, then an upward trend at ZT18, but no significant difference between the two time spots (P>0.05). Conclusion Long-term noise exposure during sleep can cause circadian clock and lipid metabolism disorders in mice. Among them, suppression of key circadian clock genes may be associated with Rev-erbα-mediated upregulation of the nuclear receptors Srebp1c and Chrebp for lipid synthesis and deposition in the liver, resulting in lipid metabolism disorder.

Research advances in primary biliary cholangitis with dyslipidemia / 临床肝胆病杂志

Primary biliary cholangitis （PBC） is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by progressive and non-purulent inflammation of small- and medium-sized bile ducts in the liver. Recent studies have shown that abnormal lipid metabolism is relatively common in patients with PBC， and 76% of PBC patients have dyslipidemia. The effects and harms of dyslipidemia have attracted much attention. Lipid metabolism disorders play an important role in the progression of PBC. This article mainly reviews the research advances in the manifestation， role， diagnosis， and treatment of lipid metabolism disorders in PBC， so as to provide new ideas for the treatment of PBC.

Mechanism studies underlying the alleviatory effects of isoliquiritigenin on abnormal glucolipid metabolism triggered by type 2 diabetes / 药学学报

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is an active chalcone compound isolated from licorice. It possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. In our previous study, we uncovered a great potential of ISL in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, this study aims to reveal the mechanism underlying the alleviatory effects of ISL on T2DM-induced glycolipid metabolism disorder. High-fat-high-sugar diet (HFD) combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) were used to establish T2DM mice model. All animal experiments were carried out with approval of the Committee of Ethics at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. HepG2 cells were used in in vitro experiments, and sodium palmitate (SP) was applied to establish insulin resistance (IR) model cells. The effects of ISL on body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, and pathological changes in the livers of mice were examined. Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were applied to detect the regulatory effects of ISL on key targets involved in glucolipid metabolism. Additionally, molecular docking and analytical dynamics simulation methods were used to analyze the interaction between ISL and key target protein. The results indicate that ISL significantly downregulates the transcriptional levels and inhibits the activities of key enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis, including pyruvate carboxylase (PC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (FBP). It also downregulates the transcriptional and protein levels of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), the two transcriptional factors involved in gluconeogenesis. Thus, ISL inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis in T2DM mice. In addition, ISL reduces total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels in the livers of T2DM mice. Moreover, ISL downregulates the mRNA levels of lipogenesis genes and upregulates those of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, lipid uptake, and lipid export. In conclusion, ISL suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis, promotes lipolysis, and restrains lipogenesis in T2DM mice, thereby improving the abnormal glycolipid metabolism caused by T2DM.

Effect of Modified Cangfu Daotantang on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Simple Obese Children with Phlegm Dampness and Stagnation / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo observe and compare the intervention effect of modified Cangfu Daotantang on glucose and lipid metabolism in simple obese children with phlegm dampness and stagnation. MethodA total of 60 children with simple obesity were randomly divided into two groups according to the simple randomization method of the random number table. The odd number was included in the test group， and the even number was included in the basic treatment group， with 30 cases in each group. On the basis of signing the informed consent notice， the treatment group was given modified Cangfu Daotantang combined with basic treatment， while the control group was only given basic treatment. After three months of treatment， the body mass index （BMI）， glucose and lipid metabolism level ［total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， fasting plasma glucose （FPG）， fasting insulin （FINS）， and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance （HOMA-IR）］， the change in the total score of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndromes， and the effective rate of treatment were observed and compared. ResultAfter treatment， the BMI of the observation group and the control group decreased significantly （P<0.01）. Compared with the control group， the BMI level in the observation group decreased significantly （P<0.05）. After treatment， the levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C in the observation group and the control group decreased significantly （P<0.01）. Compared with the control group， the levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C in the observation group decreased significantly （P<0.05）. In addition， the level of TC in the observation group improved significantly compared with that in the control group （P<0.01）. The levels of FPG， FINS， and HOMA-IR in the observation group and the control group were significantly lower than those before treatment （P<0.05）. After treatment， compared with the control group， the levels of FPG， FINS， and HOMA-IR in the observation group were significantly reduced （P<0.05）. The level of FPG in the observation group was significantly improved compared with that in the control group （P<0.01）. After treatment， the total score of TCM syndromes in the two groups decreased significantly （P<0.01）. Compared with the control group， the total score of TCM syndromes in the observation group was lower （P<0.01）. After treatment， the total effective rate of treatment was 86.67% （26/30） in the observation group and 73.33% （22/30） in the control group. By rank sum test， the total effective rate of the observation group was better than that of the control group （Z=-2.100， P<0.05）. ConclusionModified Cangfu Daotantang combined with basic treatment can effectively reduce the BMI of obese children and improve their glucose and lipid metabolism. It has good clinical effects and high clinical application value， which is worth further in-depth research and promotion.

Effect of Yunvjian with or Without Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism and Inflammatory Response in Diabetic Rats with Syndrome of Yin Deficiency and Internal Heat / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the different effects of Yunvjian with or without Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix on glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammatory response in diabetic rats with the syndrome of Yin deficiency and internal heat. MethodThe rat model of diabetes due to Yin deficiency and internal heat was established by feeding with a high-sugar and high-fat diet and injection of thyroxine and streptozotocin. The successfully modeled rats were randomized into model control， Yunvjian without Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix （11.8 g·kg-1）， Yunvjian with Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix （12.8 g·kg-1）， and Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix （1.0 g·kg-1） groups （n=10）， and another 10 rats were taken as the normal control group. Each group was administrated with corresponding drugs or saline by gavage for 28 days. The fasting blood glucose （FBG）， fasting insulin （FINS）， total cholesterol （TC）， triglycerides （TG）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C） in rats were measured. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to determine the levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）， cyclic guanosine monophosphate （cGMP）， triiodothyronine （T3）， thyroxine （T4）， interleukin （IL）-1β， IL-6， tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α， and C-reactive protein （CRP） in the serum. The histopathological changes of the liver were observed. The expression of lipoxygenase-2 （COX-2） was detected by immunofluorescence. The mRNA levels of nuclear transcription factors-κB （NF-κB）， monocyte chemotactic protein-1 （MCP-1）， and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）.Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of NF-κB in hibitory protein（IκB） kinase β （IKKβ）， IκBα， and phosphorylated IκBα （p-IκBα） in the liver and the protein levels of NF-κB in the cytoplasm and nucleus. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group showed elevated levels of FBG， FINS， insulin resistance index， TC， TG， LDL-C， cAMP， T3， T4， IL-1β， IL-6， TNF-α， and CRP， up-regulated mRNA levels of NF-κB， MCP-1， and ICAM-1， and up-regulated protein levels of COX-2， p-IκBα， and nuclear NF-κB （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， Yunvjian without Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix lowered the levels of FBG， FINS， insulin resistance index， TC， TG， LDL-C， cAMP， T3， T4， IL-1β， IL-6， TNF-α， and CRP， down-regulated the mRNA levels of NF-κB， MCP-1， and ICAM-1， and down-regulated the protein levels of COX-2， p-IκBα and nuclear NF-κB （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the Yunvjian without Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix， Yunvjian with Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix showed lowered levels of FBG， FINS， insulin resistance index， and inflammatory cytokines， down-regulated mRNA levels of NF-κB， MCP-1， and ICAM-1， and down-regulated protein levels of p-IκBα and nuclear NF-κB （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionAchyranthis Bidentatae Radix can enhance the performance of Yunvjian in reducing blood glucose and inhibiting inflammation in diabetic rats with the syndrome of yin deficiency and internal heat by down-regulating the IKK/IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Gegen Qinliantang Ameliorates Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders in Rat Model of Catch-up Growth by Regulating SIRT1/PGC1α/Nrf1 Signaling Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Gegen Qinliantang on glucose and lipid metabolism in the rat model of catch-up growth （CUG） induced by a high-fat diet and the underlying mechanism. MethodA total of 60 SD rats were randomized into a normal control group （n=18） and a modeling group （n=42）. The rat model of CUG was established with a restricted diet followed by a high-fat diet， and the changes of general status and body weight were observed. The levels of fasting blood glucose （FBG）， fasting insulin （FINS）， triglyceride （TG）， and total cholesterol （TC） were measured in 6 rats in each group at the end of the 4th and 8th week， respectively. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR） was calculated， and the insulin sensitivity and body composition changes of CUG rats were evaluated. The successfully modeled rats were assigned into 6 groups： normal control， model， high-， medium-， and low-dose Gegen Qinliantang （2.5， 5， 10 g·kg-1）， and pioglitazone （3.125 mg·kg-1）. The rats were administrated with corresponding drugs by gavage for 6 weeks， and the normal control group and model group were administrated with the same amount of normal saline. During the experiment period， the changes of body weight were recorded， and the FBG， FINS， HOMA-IR， TG， and TC were determined at the end of the experiment. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was employed to observe the pathological changes of skeletal muscle in rats. The levels of reactive oxygen species （ROS） and malondialdehyde （MDA） in the skeletal muscle were measured strictly according to the manuals of the reagent kits. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was performed to measure the mRNA levels of silencing information regulator 1 （SIRT1）， peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator1α （PGC1α）， and nuclear respiratory factor 1 （Nrf1） in the skeletal muscle. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were employed to assess the expression of SIRT1， PGC1α， and Nrf1 in the skeletal muscle. ResultCompared with the normal control group， the model group presented elevated levels of FBG， FINS， TG， and TC （P<0.05， P<0.01）， increased HOMA-IR （P<0.01）， increased diameter of muscle fibers and adipocytes between muscle cells in the skeletal muscle， rising levels of ROS and MDA in the skeletal muscle （P<0.01）， and down-regulated mRNA and protein levels of SIRT1， PGC1α， and Nrf1 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， Gegen Qinliantang （especially the medium and high doses） and pioglitazone decreased the body weight， FINS， HOMA-IR， and TG （P<0.05， P<0.01） and reduced interstitial components such as intermuscular fat in the skeletal muscles and the diameter of muscle fibers. Furthermore， the drugs lowerd the levels of ROS and MDA （P<0.05， P<0.01） and up-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of SIRT1， PGC1α， and Nrf1 （P<0.05， P<0.01） in the skeletal muscle. ConclusionGegen Qinliantang can ameliorate the glucose and lipid metabolism disorders and insulin resistance in CUG rats by regulating the SIRT1/PGC1α/Nrf1 signaling pathway.

Association of lipid metabolism with pneumonia risk in under-five children in China

Abstract Objective: The relationship between lipid metabolism and pneumonia in under-five children remains unclear. The aim of the study was to explore the association of several lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins with the risk of childhood pneumonia, and to initially reveal the mechanisms involved. Methods: There were 1000 children with confirmed severe pneumonia and 1000 healthy controls (18-59 months old) in the study. Serum levels of several lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins were measured. The occurrence of hypoxaemia and serum level of C-reactive protein were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression and spearman correlation analysis were adopted to assess the correlation between these variables to achieve the research objective. Results: First, higher triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels were associated with the elevated risk of severe pneumonia (OR: 1.407, 95%CI: 1.336~1.480; OR: 1.947, 95%CI: 1.741~2.175; OR: 1.153, 95%CI: 1.116~1.189; OR: 1.310, 95%CI: 1.222~1.404; OR: 1.075, 95%CI: 1.003~1.151). Higher HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 levels were associated with a decreased risk of the disease (OR: 0.903, 95%CI: 0.873~0.933; OR: 0.921, 95%CI: 0.891~0.952). Second, higher triglycerides level was associated with an increased risk of hypoxemia in these children (OR: 1.142, 95%CI: 1.072~1.215). Third, serum HDL cholesterol level was linearly associated with C-reactive protein level in these children (p = -0.343, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Abnormal levels of several lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins were related to severe childhood pneumonia. The findings that triglycerides and HDL cholesterol were respectively implicated in hypoxaemia and inflammation might partly explain the mechanisms linking lipid metabolism to severe pneumonia.

Lipid droplets in Zika neuroinfection: Potential targets for intervention?

Lipid droplets (LD) are evolutionarily conserved lipid-enriched organelles with a diverse array of cell- and stimulus-regulated proteins. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that intracellular pathogens exploit LD as energy sources, replication sites, and part of the mechanisms of immune evasion. Nevertheless, LD can also favor the host as part of the immune and inflammatory response to pathogens. The functions of LD in the central nervous system have gained great interest due to their presence in various cell types in the brain and for their suggested involvement in neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative diseases. Only recently have the roles of LD in neuroinfections begun to be explored. Recent findings reveal that lipid remodelling and increased LD biogenesis play important roles for Zika virus (ZIKV) replication and pathogenesis in neural cells. Moreover, blocking LD formation by targeting DGAT-1 in vivo inhibited virus replication and inflammation in the brain. Therefore, targeting lipid metabolism and LD biogenesis may represent potential strategies for anti-ZIKV treatment development. Here, we review the progress in understanding LD functions in the central nervous system in the context of the host response to Zika infection.

Alteraciones de la fracción lipídica en los pacientes quemados

Introducción: Las alteraciones lipídicas constituyen un marcador de mal pronóstico y en los últimos tiempos se ha postulado como marcador biológico en la evolución de los pacientes grandes quemados. Objetivo: Determinar las alteraciones de la fracción lipídica en los pacientes quemados. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico, prospectivo y de corte longitudinal con el objetivo de determinar las alteraciones de la fracción lipídica en los pacientes quemados ingresado en el Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech de la ciudad Camagüey, en el período comprendido desde enero de 2019 hasta el mes de febrero de 2022. Se estudiaron 30 pacientes en quienes se tuvieron en cuenta las variables: índice de gravedad, las cifras del colesterol sérico y de los triglicéridos, el por ciento de superficie corporal quemada, los patrones lipídicos, la sepsis y el estado al egreso. Resultados: Las cifras medias más bajas de colesterol sérico y las cifras medias más altas de triglicéridos ocurrieron en aquellos pacientes con más de un 30 por ciento de superficie corporal quemada. En los pacientes con índice de gravedad de muy grave, crítico y crítico extremo fue donde se registraron las cifras más bajas de colesterol. En los períodos evolutivos de siete a 14 días los estados de triglicéridos altos se encontraron en grupos de pacientes muy graves y crítico extremos con cinco pacientes en cada grupo, lo que representa el 16,67 % y cuatro pacientes críticos para el 13,33 %. Del total de los pacientes estudiados, en 13 de ellos se presentó un patrón lipídico formado por colesterol bajo con triglicéridos altos, y el 40 % de este grupo presentaron sepsis. Conclusiones: Los grandes quemados presentan alteraciones importantes en el metabolismo de los lípidos con consecuencias desfavorables en su evolución.

Introduction: The lipid alterations constitute a marker of bad forecast and in recent times it has run for candidate like biological marker in the evolution of the big burnt patients. Objective: To determine the alterations of the lipid fraction in the burned patients. Methods: An analytic, prospective and of longitudinal study was carried out for the sake of determining the alterations of the lipid fraction in the burned patient entered in the Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech of the city Camagüey, in the period understood since January of the 2019 to the month of February of 2022. They studied 30 patients in those who had into account variables: Severity rate, the figures of the serum cholesterol and of the triglycerides, the percent of corporal burned-out surface, the lipid patterns, the sepsis and the state to the medical release. Results: The half a lower amounts of serum cholesterol and the figures the more tall stockings of triglycerides happened in those patients with over 30 percent of corporal burned-out surface. In the patients with severity rate of very severe, critic and the extreme critic was where lower the figures of cholesterol got registered. In the evolutionary periods of seven to 14 days the states of tall triglycerides met fundamentally very seriously ill patients' groups, and critic extreme with five patients in each group, what represents the 16.67 % and four critical patients for the 13.33 %. Of the total of the patients studied, in 13 of them a lipid pattern educated by cholesterol bass with tall triglycerides showed up, and 40 % of this group presented sepsis. Conclusions: The great burned-out patients present important alterations in the metabolism of the lipids with unfavorable consequences in their evolution.

Study on physical training in the lipid metabolism regulation of obese adolescents / Estudo sobre treinamento físico na regulação do metabolismo lipídico em adolescentes obesos / Estudio sobre el entrenamiento físico en la regulación del metabolismo lipídico en adolescentes obesos

ABSTRACT Introduction In proportion to the development of the economy, the problem of obesity among adolescents is also increasing. This abnormal lipid metabolism index can influence other physical diseases besides harming the social development of youth. Objective Investigate physical training and the regulation of lipid metabolism in adolescents, improving the metabolic index of obese youth. Methods 80 obese adolescents with equal numbers of both genders were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received daily 80-min sports training (aerobics, walking, badminton, swimming, and other sports with low intensity and long duration) six times a week for one month, without distinction of exercise intensity or frequency for gender. A comparison method was performed between the groups before and after the intervention with indicators including body weight, BMI, fluid ratio, water measurement, waist, hip, skinfold thickness, FBG, CT, Tg, HDL - C, and LDL - C, among others. Results Physical training can effectively improve adolescents' body shape. Blood indices and other indicators except for HDL-C positively correlate with this body shape. Physical training substantially improved lipid metabolism in obese adolescents. Conclusion The exercise regimen of this experiment proved to be simple and manageable, offering adolescents a healthier physical and more confidence in their daily study, life, and social interaction, but also reducing several diseases caused by obesity. Due to the ease of replication, the sample size can be expanded to universal conclusions, making it feasible to popularize. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução Proporcionalmente ao desenvolvimento da economia, aumenta também o problema da obesidade entre os adolescentes. Esse índice anormal no metabolismo lipídico pode influenciar outras doenças físicas além de prejudicar o desenvolvimento social na juventude. Objetivo Investigar o treinamento físico e a regulação do metabolismo lipídico em adolescentes, melhorando o índice metabólico dos jovens obesos. Métodos 80 adolescentes obesos com número igual de ambos os sexos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos controlados de experimento e controle. O grupo experimental recebeu treinamentos esportivos diários de 80 minutos (aeróbica, caminhada, badminton, natação e outros esportes com baixa intensidade e longa duração), seis vezes por semana durante um mês, sem distinção de intensidade ou frequência dos exercícios para os sexos. Foi realizado o método de comparação entre os grupos, antes e após a intervenção, com indicadores incluindo peso corporal, IMC, taxa de líquidos, medição de água, cintura, quadril, espessura de dobras cutâneas, FBG, CT, Tg, HDL - C, LDL - C entre outros. Resultados O treinamento físico pode melhorar efetivamente a forma corporal dos adolescentes. Índices sanguíneos e outros indicadores com exceção do HDL-C estão positivamente correlacionados com essa forma corporal. O treinamento físico melhorou substancialmente o metabolismo lipídico de adolescentes obesos. Conclusão O esquema de exercícios deste experimento demonstrou-se simples e viável, oferecendo aos adolescentes um físico mais saudável e mais confiança no processo de estudo diário, vida e interação social, mas também reduzir diversas doenças causadas pela obesidade. Devido a facilidade de replicação, o número de amostrar pode ser expandido para conclusões universais, viabilizando a sua popularização. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos desfechos do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción Proporcionalmente al desarrollo de la economía, el problema de la obesidad entre los adolescentes también aumenta. Este índice anormal en el metabolismo lipídico puede influir en otras enfermedades físicas además de perjudicar el desarrollo social en la juventud. Objetivo Investigar el entrenamiento físico y la regulación del metabolismo lipídico en adolescentes, mejorando el índice metabólico de los jóvenes obesos. Métodos 80 adolescentes obesos con igual número de ambos sexos fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en los grupos de experimento y de control. El grupo experimental recibió 80 minutos diarios de entrenamiento deportivo (aeróbic, marcha, bádminton, natación y otros deportes de baja intensidad y larga duración), seis veces a la semana durante un mes, sin distinción de intensidad o frecuencia de los ejercicios para los sexos. Se realizó un método de comparación entre los grupos, antes y después de la intervención, con indicadores que incluían el peso corporal, el IMC, la tasa de líquidos, la medición del agua, la cintura, la cadera, el grosor de los pliegues cutáneos, FBG, CT, Tg, HDL - C, LDL - C, entre otros. Resultados El entrenamiento físico puede mejorar eficazmente la forma corporal de los adolescentes. Los índices sanguíneos y otros indicadores, excepto el HDL-C, están positivamente correlacionados con esta forma corporal. El entrenamiento físico mejoró sustancialmente el metabolismo de los lípidos en los adolescentes obesos. Conclusión El esquema de ejercicios de este experimento demostró ser simple y factible, ofreciendo a los adolescentes un físico más saludable y más confianza en el proceso de estudio diario, la vida y la interacción social, pero también reduciendo varias enfermedades causadas por la obesidad. Debido a la facilidad de replicación, el tamaño de la muestra puede ampliarse para obtener conclusiones universales, lo que permite su popularización. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapêuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effects of hepatitis C virus genotypes and viral load on glucose and lipid metabolism after sustained virological response with direct-acting antivirals

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study, carried out at the university hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande, was to assess whether the treatment of chronic hepatitis C with direct-acting antivirals and the sustained virological response will affect the metabolic influences of the hepatitis C virus and whether these effects will vary according to genotypes and virus load. METHODS: This is an intervention pre-post study, carried out from March 2018 to December 2019, evaluating 273 hepatitis C virus patients treated with direct-acting antivirals. Inclusion criteria included being monoinfected with hepatitis C virus and achieving sustained virological response . Exclusion criteria included the presence of decompensated cirrhosis or co-infected with hepatitis B virus or human immunodeficiency virus. Genotypes, genotype 1 subtypes, and hepatitis C virus viral load were analyzed. Glucose metabolism was evaluated by the Homeostasis Model Assessment-insulin resistance indices: Homeostasis Model Assessment-β, TyG, and HbA1c, measured at the beginning of treatment and in sustained virological response. Statistical analysis with a T test by paired comparison of the means of the variables in the pretreatment and in the sustained virological response. RESULTS: Homeostasis Model Assessment-insulin resistance analysis: there were no significant differences between pretreatment and sustained virological response. Homeostasis Model Assessment-β analysis: significant increase in genotype 1 patients (p<0.028). TyG index analysis: significant increase in genotype 1b (p<0.017), genotype 3 (p<0.024), and genotype non-1 with low viral load (p<0.039). HbA1c analysis: significant decrease in genotype 3 (p<0.001) and genotype non-1 patients with low viral load (p<0.005). CONCLUSION: We detected significant metabolic influences after sustained virological response: impairment in lipid profile and improvements in the glucose metabolism. We found significant differences in genotype dependence, genotype 1 subtypes, and viral load.

Research progress of abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism in preeclampsia / 中国综合临床

Preeclampsia is a kind of idiopathic disease during pregnancy. Its pathogenesis may involve many factors, such as mother, placenta and fetus. The study found that the abnormal metabolism of blood glucose and blood lipid during pregnancy may be closely related to the onset of preeclampsia. This paper reviews the research progress of abnormal glycolipid metabolism in preeclampsia at home and abroad in order to better guide the management of related aspects during pregnancy.

Clinical efficacy and safety of amisulpride in the treatment of schizophrenia / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of amisulpride in the treatment of schizophrenia.Methods:Ninety patients with schizophrenia admitted to Quzhou Third Hospital from August 2020 to March 2022 were included in this study. They were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group ( n = 45/group). The control group was treated with olanzapine, and the observation group was treated with amisulpride. All patients were treated for 8 consecutive weeks. Total response rate, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score, Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity of Illness score, glucose and lipid metabolism indicators, Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale score, and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results:Total response rate was 88.89% (40/45) in the control group and 93.33% (42/45) in the observation group. There was no significant difference in total response rate between the two groups ( χ2 = 0.14, P > 0.05). After treatment, the PANSS score [(52.14 ± 3.99) points] and CGI-S score [(3.05 ± 0.86) points] in the observation group were significantly lower than (56.38 ± 4.05) points and (4.34 ± 0.92) points in the control group ( t = 5.00, 6.87, both P < 0.001). The levels of fasting plasma glucose [(5.25 ± 0.33) mmol/L], total cholesterol [(4.08 ± 0.67) mmol/L], triglyceride [(1.29 ± 0.35) mmol/L], and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol [(2.60 ± 0.31) mmol/L] in the observation group were significantly lower compared with the control group [(6.02 ± 0.51) mmol/L, (4.71 ± 0.59) mmol/L, (1.61 ± 0.26) mmol/L, (2.91 ± 0.34) mmol/L, t = 8.50, 3.61, 4.92, 4.52, all P < 0.001]. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol level in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [(1.57 ± 0.36) mmol/L vs. (1.18 ± 0.42) mmol/L t = -4.73, P < 0.001]. Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale score in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [(2.39 ± 0.58) points vs. (2.87 ± 0.62) points, t = 3.79, P < 0.05]. The incidences of drowsiness [6.67% (3/45)], constipation [8.89% (4/45)], and weight gain [2.22% (1/45)] in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group [73.33% (33/45), 28.89% (13/45), 17.78% (8/45), χ2 = 4.14, 4.64, 4.44, P < 0.05]. Conclusion:The efficacy of sulfapride in the treatment of schizophrenia is equivalent to that of olanzapine. Sulfapride is better than olanzapine in improving symptoms and reducing disease severity and has better safety.

Research progress of the relationship between fluorosis and cardiovascular disease / 中华地方病学杂志

Fluorosis is widely prevalent worldwide, and China is one of the countries with a high incidence of endemic fluorosis. In recent years, study on non skeletal damage caused by fluorosis, especially cardiovascular system damage, has gradually increased. Fluoride can cause cardio vascular arteriosclerosis, hypertension and other diseases, while cardiovascular disease have hidden and acute onset, and the mortality rate has increased year by year in recent years. At present, the mechanism of cardiovascular diseases caused by fluoride is not yet clear, and further clarification is needed. This article provides an overview of the effects of fluoride on cardiovascular diseases from three aspect: epidemiological investigation, animals experiment, and in vitro cell experiment. It categorizes and analyzes the pathogenesis, providing new ideas for the study of cardiovascular system damage caused by fluorosis.

Changes and significance of triglyceride-glucose index, C-peptide and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with hyperuricemia / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To explore the changes and significance of triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, C-peptide and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complicated with hyperuricemia (HUA).Methods:A prospective research method was adopted. One hundred and three patients with T2DM treated in Tongling Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were selected between March 2019 and November 2021, and they were divided into HUA group (34 cases) and non-hyperuricemia (NUA) group (69 cases) according to whether they were complicated with HUA. The general data, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum uric acid (SUA), serum C-peptide, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and serum creatinine (SCr) were compared among the patients, and the TyG index was calculated. The relationship between the above different indicators and SUA was analyzed, and the possible risk factors of HUA with T2DM were analyzed.Results:There were no statistical differences in gender, disease course of diabetes and smoking history between HUA group and NUA group ( P>0.05), but the age in HUA group was younger than that in NUA group: (46.71 ± 10.23) years old vs. (58.74 ± 11.22) years old, and the body mass index (BMI) was higher than that in NUA group: (24.48 ± 2.26) kg/m 2 vs. (22.05 ± 2.14) kg/m 2, and the proportion of patients with alcohol drinking history was higher than that in NUA group: 55.88% (18/34) vs. 24.64% (17/69) ( P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of FBG, TC and LDL-C between HUA group and NUA group ( P>0.05), but the TG, TyG index, C-peptide, SUA and SCr were higher in HUA group than those in NUA group: (2.68 ± 0.57) mmol/L vs. (1.57 ± 0.33) mmol/L, 10.58 ± 3.52 vs. 7.03 ± 2.14, (2.59 ± 0.67) μg/L vs. (2.07 ± 0.41) μg/L, (356.74 ± 56.47) μmol/L vs. (319.87 ± 50.92) μmol/L, (72.05 ± 8.31) μmol/L vs. (58.59 ± 8.04) μmol/L, while the HDL-C level was lower than that in NUA group: (1.09 ± 0.33) mmol/L vs. (1.38 ± 0.41) mmol/L ( P<0.05). Pearson correlation results showed that TyG index, C-peptide, TG, LDL-C and SCr were positively correlated with SUA ( r = 0.42, 0.49, 0.41, 0.30 and 0.51; P<0.05), and HDL-C was negatively correlated with SUA ( r = -0.47, P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that increased BMI, alcohol drinking, increased TyG index and C-peptide, TG and SCr and reduced HDL-C were risk factors for HUA in patients with T2DM ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The TyG index, serum C-peptide and TG in patients with T2DM complicated with HUA are abnormally increased and are positively correlated with SUA, while HDL-C is decreased and is negatively correlated with SUA. High BMI, alcohol drinking, high TyG index, C-peptide, TG and SCr, and low HDL-C level are risk factors for HUA in patients with T2DM.

Effects and mechanism of Elafibranor on the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of human prostate cancer / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the effects and molecular mechanism of Elafibranor (ELA) on the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of human prostate cancer (PCa) cells. 【Methods】 After PCa DU145 cells were treated with culture media containing different dosages of ELA, the proliferation, migration and apoptosis were determined with MTT assay, wound healing assay and Transwell assay, respectively. The expressions of genes related to lipid metabolism were detected with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time qPCR). 【Results】 The relative cell proliferation rate at 48 h was 100% in the blank control group, (86.9±7.8)% in the low-dose (5 μmol/L) group and (58.5±9.4)% in the high-dose (15 μmol/L) group;the wound healing rate at 24 h was (74.7±3.2)%, (61.8±2.9)% and (53.2±3.3)%;the relative percentage of migrated cells at 24 h was 100%, (32.4±11.2)% and (15.4±3.2)%;the cell apoptosis rate at 48 h was (9.3±1.4)%, (11.3±0.3)%, and (15.2±4.5)%, respectively, all P<0.05. After ELA treatment for 48 h, the genes related to fatty acid intake (SCPX, PLTP) and fatty acid oxidation (PDK1, ACOX2) were significantly down-regulated in the high-dose group, while the gene related to fatty acid deposition (PLIN2) was significantly up-regulated, indicating that the lipid metabolism pathway of DU145 cells was seriously interfered by the ELA treatment. 【Conclusion】 ELA can inhibit the proliferation and migration, and promote the apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by interfering in the lipid metabolism pathway, which exhibits remarkable potential of clinical translation in the field of anti-tumor chemotherapy.

Effects of preoperative lipid metabolism indexes on the prognosis of patients with non-muscular invasive bladder cancer / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the effects of preoperative lipid metabolism level on the postoperative prognosis of non-muscular invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). 【Methods】 Clinical data of NMIBC patients who underwent surgical treatment in our hospital during Mar.2014 and May 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the optimal cutoff values of all lipid metabolism indicators were determined and patients were classified accordingly. The independent risk factors for postoperative recurrence were identified with Cox regression model. The survival was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier, and recurrence-free survival (RFS) was compared using log-rank tests. A recurrence risk prediction model was established based on the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and other clinic pathological factors and the accuracy of prediction was evaluated with the area under the ROC curve (AUC). 【Results】 Cox multivariate analysis showed HDL, tumor number, tumor size and histological grade were independent risk factors for recurrence (P<0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that RFS was significantly longer in the high-HDL group than in the low-HDL group (P<0.001). Incorporating HDL, tumor number, tumor size, histological grade, and tumor stage into the recurrence risk model, the AUC was 0.706, and internal cross validation showed the AUC was 0.711. 【Conclusion】 Preoperative HDL is an independent risk factor affecting the RFS of patients with NMIBC, and combining it with clinic pathological factors will improve the prediction of tumor recurrence.

Metabolomics analysis of serum lipids in patients with acne vulgaris / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective To analyze and compare the differences in serum lipid metabolomics between patients with moderate to severe acne and healthy controls to understand the characteristics of serum lipid metabolism in acne patients. Methods Serum samples were collected from 30 patients with moderate to severe acne and 30 healthy controls matched for age, gender and body mass index in the Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from May 2019 to Apr. 2020. Serum lipid metabolomics was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used for multivariate statistical analysis of differentially expressed lipid metabolites. The metabolic pathways with significant differences between the two groups were screened by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Using Mann-Whitney U test to calculate differential metabolites. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between serum PC (18: 2e/20: 2) concentration and acne severity. Results The PLS-DA results showed that the composition of serum lipid metabolites in acne patients was significantly separated from that in healthy controls. Of the top 30 lipid metabolites with the most significant differences, four kinds of triglycerides (TG), two kinds of diglycerides (DG), six kinds of phosphatidylcholine (PC), one kind of MePC, two kinds of sphingomyelin (SM), two kinds of phosphatidylinositol (PI), two kinds of ceramide (monohexosyl ceramide, Hex1Cer;dihexosyl ceramide, Hex2Cer), two cardiolipin (CL) were found to be increased in the acne group (P<0.05). The levels of one kind of DG, two kinds of lysophosphatidyl ethanolamines (LPE), one kind of dimethylphosphatidyl ethanolamine (dMePE), one kind of bismethyl phosphatidic acid (BisMePA), three kinds of phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and one kind of ceramide were found to be decreased in the acne group (P<0.05), and most of them belonged to phospholipid metabolites. Spearman correlation analysis showed that serum PC (18:2e/20:2) concentration was positively correlated with acne severity (r=0.456, P=0.004). KEGG enrichment function analysis revealed that the differential lipid metabolites were primarily enriched in metabolic pathways such as sphingolipid signaling pathway, cholesterol metabolism, insulin resistance, glycerophospholipid metabolism, among which the sphingolipid signaling pathway may play an important role. Conclusion There are significant differences in serum lipid metabolism between acne patients and healthy controls. Lipid metabolism disorders may be related to the pathogenesis of acne, but it’s molecular mechanism still needs further experimental exploration.

Clinical research progress on drugs for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis treatment / 药学学报

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the leading chronic liver disease worldwide. NASH is commonly associated with metabolic risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism disorder, bile acid toxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, intestinal dysbacteriosis, and susceptibility gene variation are involved in the pathogenesis of NASH. Drug development for NASH has been slow, this article focuses on the clinical research and development of several promising NASH drugs and their mechanisms, such as drugs targeting gut-liver axis, improving metabolism, inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis.